Boemo ba ts'ebeliso le litebello tsa lisebelisoa tse kopaneng tsa SMC indastering ea likoloi

Motsoako oa ho bopa maqephe (SMC) ke motsoako oa ho bopa o sebelisetsoang ho etsa lihlahisoa tse omeletseng tsa polyester fiberglass. E qalile ho hlaha Europe mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1960. Hoo e ka bang ka 1965, United States le Japane li ile tsa ntšetsa pele theknoloji ena ka ho latellana. SMC 'marakeng oa lefats'e e qalile ho ba teng ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960. Ho tloha ka nako eo, e ntse e hōla ka potlako ka tekanyo ea selemo le selemo ea 20% ho ea ho 25%, 'me e sebelisoa haholo likoloing tsa lipalangoang, kaho, lisebelisoa tsa elektronike / tsa motlakase le tse ling.

SMC (motsoako oa ho bopa lakane)

SMC composite material ke khutsufatso ea Sheet molding compound, e leng sheet molding compound. Lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tse tala li entsoe ka GF (khoele e khethehileng), UP (resin e sa tsitsang), li-additives tse fokolang tse fokolang, MD (filler) le li-additives tse sa tšoaneng. E qalile ho hlaha Europe mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1960. Hoo e ka bang ka 1965, United States le Japane li ile tsa ntšetsa pele theknoloji ena ka ho latellana. Qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-1980, naha ea heso e ile ea hlahisa mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea tlhahiso ea SMC ea kantle ho naha le mekhoa ea tlhahiso.

Boemo ba hona joale ba kopo indastering ea likoloi

Ho tloha ha koloi ea pele ea FRP lefatšeng, GM Corvette, e entsoe ka katleho ka 1953, lisebelisoa tsa fiberglass / composite li fetohile matla a macha indastering ea likoloi. Mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho bopa oa matsoho o loketse feela bakeng sa tlhahiso e nyenyane ea ho falla 'me e ke ke ea finyella litlhoko tsa tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea indasteri ea likoloi. Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1970, ka lebaka la nts'etsopele e atlehileng ea lisebelisoa tsa SMC le ts'ebeliso ea theknoloji ea ho bopa e entsoeng ka mochini le theknoloji ea ho roala ka har'a hlobo, sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa lisebelisoa tsa FRP / composite lits'ebetsong tsa likoloi se fihlile ho 25%, e etsa mohato oa pele ntlafatsong. ea lihlahisoa tsa likoloi tsa FRP. Nako ea tsoelo-pele e potlakileng; mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990, ka mehala e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, boima bo bobebe, le paballo ea matla, GMT (lisebelisoa tse entsoeng ka khalase tse matlafalitsoeng ka thermoplastic) le LFT (li-fiber tse telele tse matlafalitsoeng ke lisebelisoa tsa thermoplastic) li ne li emeloa Thermoplastic composite lisebelisoa li tsoetse pele ka potlako 'me li sebelisoa haholo tlhahiso ea likarolo tsa sebopeho sa koloi. Sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo se fihlile ho 10 ho ea ho 15%, ho theha nako ea bobeli ea tsoelo-pele e potlakileng. E le karolo e ka pele ea lisebelisoa tse ncha, thepa e kopantsoeng butle-butle e nkela lihlahisoa tsa tšepe sebaka le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa setso likarolong tsa likoloi, 'me li fumana liphello tse ngata tsa moruo le tse sireletsehileng.

Likarolo tsa likoloi tsa fiberglass / composite li ka aroloa ka: likarolo tsa 'mele, likarolo tsa sebopeho, likarolo tse sebetsang le likarolo tse ling tse amanang.

1. Likarolo tsa 'mele, ho kopanyelletsa le likhetla tsa' mele, li-hood hardtops, li-sunroofs, menyako, li-radiator grilles, li-reflectors tse khanyang, li-bumper tse ka pele le tse ka morao, joalo-joalo, hammoho le lisebelisoa tsa ka hare. Ena ke tataiso ea mantlha ea ts'ebeliso ea thepa ea FRP / composite likoloing. Haholo-holo e kopana le litlhoko tsa moralo o hlophisitsoeng oa 'mele le litlhoko tsa ponahalo ea boleng bo phahameng. Kholiso ea hajoale le bokhoni ba ts'ebeliso e ntse e le kholo. Haholo-holo e ipapisitse le lipolasetiki tsa thermosetting tse matlafalitsoeng ka khalase, mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho bopa e kenyelletsa: SMC/BMC, RTM le ho beha letsoho/ente, jj.

2. Likarolo tsa sebopeho: ho kenyelletsa li-brackets tse ka pele, liforeimi tse kholo, liforeimi tsa litulo, fatše, joalo-joalo. Sepheo ke ho ntlafatsa tokoloho ea moralo, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo le botšepehi ba likarolo. Haholo-holo sebelisa SMC, GMT, LFT le lisebelisoa tse ling.

3. Likarolo tse sebetsang: Likarolo tsa bona tse ka sehloohong ke ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng le ho hanyetsa ho bola ha oli, haholo-holo bakeng sa lienjineri le likarolo tsa peripheral tsa enjene. Joalo ka: sekoaelo sa valve ea enjene, mefuta e mengata ea ho kenya, pan ea oli, sekoaelo sa sefene sa moea, sekoaelo sa kamore ea gear, sekoaelo sa tataiso ea moea, sekoaelo sa lipeipi tse kenang, litšepe tsa fan, selikalikoe sa tataiso ea moea, sekoaelo sa heater, likarolo tsa tanka ea metsi, sekoaelo sa metsi, pompo ea metsi. turbine, boto ea ho kenya molumo oa enjene, joalo-joalo Lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa ts'ebetso ke: SMC/BMC, RTM, GMT le nylon e matlafalitsoeng ka fiber ea khalase, joalo-joalo.

4. Likarolo tse ling tse amanang le tsona: tse kang li-cylinders tsa khase ea CNG, likarolo tsa lits'ebeletso tsa bohloeki bakeng sa libese le li-RV, likarolo tsa lithuthuthu, liboto tse thibelang mahlaseli a litsela tse kholo le litšiea tse thibelang ho thulana, li-piers tsa ho itšehla thajana, lisebelisoa tsa marulelo a tlhahlobo ea lihlahisoa, joalo-joalo.

Boemo ba hajoale ba ts'ebeliso indastering ea likoloi linaheng tse tsoetseng pele joalo ka Europe le United States

United States ke mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng le moreki oa thepa ea FRP/composite. United States e sebelisa palo e kholo ea lisebelisoa tsa FRP/composite likoloing, tse fihletseng litholoana tse makatsang likoloing tse bobebe. United States, 65% ea likoloi tsa Amerika li sebelisa SMC bakeng sa lifahleho tse ka pele le li-radiator; ho feta 95% ea mabone a khanya ea koloi a sebelisa BMC joalo ka thepa ea mantlha. Ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse kopaneng likoloing e akaretsa hoo e batlang e le baetsi bohle ba likoloi United States, joalo ka lik'hamphani tse tharo tse kholo tsa likoloi, General Motors, Ford Motor, le DaimlerChrysler (DC), hammoho le baetsi ba likoloi tse boima bo boima joalo ka Mack le Aero. -naledi.

Lisebelisoa:

1. GM EV1 koloi ea motlakase ea 'mele e feletseng ea FRP, ho kenyeletsoa marulelo a SMC, sekoahelo sa enjene ea SMC, sekoahelo sa kutu ea SMC, mamati a SMC, li-fender tse ka pele tsa RRIM, liphanele tse ka pele tsa RRIM tse ka pele le tse ka morao, liphanele tse ka morao tsa RRIM le lilaene tsa mabili a ka morao, SRIM full body Aerodynamic front panel. , fiber ea khalase e matlafalitsoeng PUR dashboard, RTM chassis.

2. Ford Calaxy front end bracket (GMT), Focus/C-MAX fensetere e ka pele e ka pele ea trim panel (SMC), Thunderbird front end panel, sekoaelo sa enjene, fender e ka pele, sekoaelo sa kutu e ka morao, sekoaelo sa setulo se ka morao (SMC), lemati la Cadillac XLR liphanele, sekoaelo sa kutu, li-fenders, phanele e ka pele (SMC), Lincoln Continental hood, fenders, trunk lid (SMC), joalo-joalo.

3. Chrysler Crossfire ka morao spoiler, windshield cover/a-pillar (SMC); Sekoaelo sa kutu ea Maybach (SMC); sekoahelo sa enjene, sekoaelo sa kutu (SMC) ea Alfa Romeo Spider le Smart Roadster, joalo-joalo ema.

Lisebelisoa tsa Europe

Europe, linaha tse kang Brithani, Jeremane, Fora, Italy le Sweden e ne e le tsona tse ileng tsa amohela li-fiberglass/likarolo tsa likoloi tse entsoeng ka metsoako. Hona joale, lisebelisoa tsa fiberglass / composite li 'nile tsa sebelisoa haholo mefuteng e sa tšoaneng ea likoloi, libese le literaka tse tsoang ho baetsi ba likoloi tsa Europe tse kang Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volkswagen, Peugeot-Citroen, Volvo, Fiat, Lotus le Mann. Tšebeliso ea selemo le selemo ea thepa e kopantsoeng ea likoloi e etsa hoo e ka bang 25% ea tlhahiso ea eona ea selemo le selemo ea thepa e kopantsoeng; hoo e ka bang 35% ea SMC le ho feta 80% ea GMT le LFT li sebelisoa ha ho etsoa likarolo tsa likoloi.

Lisebelisoa:

1. Mercedes-Benz sedan: CL coupe trunk sekwahelo (SMC), lipapali coupe ka morao tailgate (SMC, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe Figure 1); SLR sunroof, sekoaelo se sa utloeng molumo, liphanele tse ka mahlakoreng tse nang le moea oa moea, spoiler e ka morao (SMC); S letoto la ka morao bracket bracket (GMT/LFT); E series lightlight reflector (BMC), jj.

Mercedes-Benz Coupe ea mohlala SMC monyako o ka morao

2. Rear spoiler (SMC) for BMW 3 Series Touring and X5, BMW Z4 hardtop (SMC), BMW series rear bumper bracket (GMT/LFT), BMW 5 Series headlight reflector (BMC), joalo-joalo.

3. VW Touareq/Polo GT1/Lupo GT1/FS1 ka morao spoiler (SMC), VW Golf R32 sekoahelo sa enjene (SMC), Audi A2 split storage box (SMC), Audi A4 foldable trunk lid ( SMC), VW Golf A4 headlight reflector (BMC), le koloi ea motlakase ea 'mele ea Golf e nang le likarolo tsohle.

Koloi e felletseng ea 'mele ea motlakase ea FRP

4. Peugeot 607 spare tire box (LFT), Peugeot 405 bumper bracket (LFT), Peugeot 807 ka morao tailgate le fender (SMC); le Citroën series Berlingo roof template (SMC), Xantian front end bracket (LFT) , AX tail floor assembly (GMT), C80 rear tailgate (SMC), joalo-joalo.

5. Volvo XC70, (BMC).

6. Meetsong e mecha ea literaka tse boima tse kang Mercedes-Benz Actros/Actros Megaspace, MAN TG-A le F2000, letoto la Volvo FH/FM, Renault Magnum/Premium/Midlum, Premium H130, Scania le Iveco Stralis, joalo-joalo. sebelisa palo e kholo ea lisebelisoa tse kopantsoeng tse laoloang ke SMC.

Lisebelisoa tsa Asia

Japane e ntse e le matla a tsebahalang a moruo le kajeno, 'me indasteri ea eona ea ho etsa likoloi e boemong bo ka sehloohong ho Europe le United States. Leha ho le joalo, lebelo le tsoelo-pele ea ho sebelisa fiberglass / lisebelisoa tse kopaneng li salletse morao haholo. Lebaka le ka sehloohong ke hore indasteri ea tšepe ea Japane e ntlafalitsoe 'me thepa ea tšepe ke ea boleng bo phahameng le ea theko e tlaase. E bile bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980 moo Japane e ileng ea qala ka molao ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho nts'etsapele likarolo tsa likoloi tsa FRP le ho fetohela tlhahisong e kholo. Boholo ba bona ba ne ba sebelisa theknoloji ea SMC, 'me mokhoa ona o ne o ntse o eketseha selemo le selemo. Indasteri ea likoloi ea Korea ha e le hantle e latela tsela ea ntlafatso ea lisebelisoa tsa likoloi tsa Majapane.

Boemo ba kopo indastering ea likoloi ea naha ea heso

Bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980, ka phetoho e kholo ea leano la naha la ntlafatso ea likoloi le ho hlahisoa ha theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea likoloi le motse-moholo, ts'ebeliso ea thepa e kopaneng ea likoloi e ile ea atleha ka nts'etsopele e matla ea indasteri ea likoloi ea naha ea heso, butle-butle ea fetoha. mekhoa ea pele ea setso. Mokhoa o le mong oa ts'ebetso oa ts'ebetso ea ho peista o kenyelelitsoe ho SMC, RTM, ente le theknoloji e meng ea ts'ebetso ka ho kenyelletsa theknoloji le ho monya, ho theha theknoloji le bokhoni bo itseng ba tlhahiso e kholo. Boleng ba likarolo bo ntlafalitsoe haholo, 'me li-OEM tsa likoloi li hlokometse haholo lisebelisoa tsa motsoako oa likoloi. Ntlafatsa. Tšebeliso e kholo ea lisebelisoa tsa motsoako oa likoloi naheng ea heso e qalile ka mehlala e tsoang linaheng tse ling 'me e boetse e sebelisoa mefuteng e meng e ikemetseng. E entse tsoelo-pele e kholo haholo-holo lilemong tsa morao tjena.

Kopo ho li-sedans: tlhahiso ea sedan ea naha ea heso e ntse e laoloa ke mefuta e tsoang linaheng tse ling, e arotsoeng haholo-holo ka mefuta ea Amerika, Europe le Japane le Korea. Ho boetse ho na le mefuta e ikemetseng, joalo ka Hongqi, Geely, BYD, Chery, Great Wall, joalo-joalo. Likarolo tsa thepa tse kopaneng tsa mefuta e tsoang kantle ho naha li latela moralo oa mantlha oa feme, 'me tse ling li hlahisoa le ho bapisoa sebakeng seo. Leha ho le joalo, karolo e kholo ea likarolo e ntse e hloka ho romelloa e le likarolo tsa KD; tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse kopantsoeng bakeng sa likarolo tse ka holimo tsa likoloi tsa brand ea malapeng le tsona li tla ata le ho feta.

Lisebelisoa:

1. Beijing Benz 300C tanka ea mafura e thusang mocheso oa mocheso (vinyl ester SMC);

2. The hard top, enjene sekoahelo, fenders (ka letsoho la-la-up FRP), bumpers ka pele le ka morao, betri bracket (SMC), joalo-joalo ea BAIC ea moloko oa bobeli oa sesole koloi - Warrior letoto la lihlooho tse (Figure 5);

3. Kopano ea marulelo a marulelo a Zhengzhou Nissan Ruiqi (SUV) le fensetere ea ho arola (SMC);

4. Dongfeng Citroen Peugeot 307 bracket e ka pele (LFT);

5. SAIC Roewe's bottom deflector (SMC);

6. Sunroof panel (SMC) le ka morao backrest foreimi kopano (GMT) ea Shanghai GM Buick Hyatt le Grand Hyatt;

7. Shanghai Volkswagen Passat B5 fender tlase (GMT); Nanjing MG marulelong (SMC);

8. Chery e qapa le ho sebelisa SMC ho etsa mamati ho nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha.

Moloko oa Bobeli oa Letoto la Mohlabani oa Likoloi tsa Sesole

Kopo ea likoloi tsa baeti: Lisebelisoa tsa FRP / composite li sebelisoa libese tse kholo le tse majabajaba, ho kenyelletsa hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea baetsi ba libese tse kang Xiamen / Suzhou Jinlong, Xiwo, Ankai, Zhengzhou Yutong, Dandong Huanghai, Foton OV joalo-joalo. , e kenyelletsang likarolo tsa kopo tse kenyeletsang libaka tse ka pele le tse ka morao, li-bumpers tse ka pele le tse ka morao, li-fenders, balebeli ba mabili, li-skirts (liphanele tse ka thōko), liipone tse bonang ka morao, lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa, liphanele tsa mamati, joalo-joalo Kaha likarolo tsa mofuta ona oa libese li ngata, li kholo, 'me e nyenyane ka bongata, ka kakaretso e thehoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea ho beha letsoho / ente kapa ea RTM.

Libeseng tse nyane le tse mahareng, lisebelisoa tsa fiberglass / composite le tsona li sebelisoa haholo. Tse kang SMC front bumper, hand lay-up/RTM hard top, BMC headlight reflector for Nanjing Iveco S series cars, SMC luxury visor, electric door assembly, triangle window assembly, ka morao lemati la phaposi ea thoto bakeng sa likoloi tsa letoto la Turin V. Kopano le kopano ea ka morao ea FRP, joalo-joalo Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ts'ebeliso ea thepa ea FRP / composite e eketsehile tšimong ea li-minibuse, 'me ho na le mokhoa oa ho sebelisa mekhoa ea SMC le RTM ho fetola butle-butle mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho beha matsoho.

Kopo ho literaka: Ka kenyelletso, tšilo ea lijo, ho monya le boithuto bo ikemetseng ba thekenoloji ea literaka, lisebelisoa tsa fiberglass / composite li fihletse ts'ebetso ea katleho literakeng, haholoholo literakeng tse mahareng le tse boima. Ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse kopaneng tse etelletsoeng pele ke SMC le RTM e sebetsa ka ho khetheha, e kenyelletsa marulelo a li-cab, likoahelo tse ka pele, limaske tsa likhomo, li-bumpers, li-fenders, liphanele tse mahlakoreng, lipehelo tsa maoto, likoahelo tsa mabili le liphanele tsa tsona tse khabisitsoeng, liphanele tse khabisitsoeng ka tlase tsa mamati, ka pele. likoahelo tsa mekhabiso ea lebota, li-deflectors tsa moea, li-air deflectors, li-air deflectors, li-skirts tse ka thōko, mabokose a li-glove le likarolo tsa ka hare tsa enjene, joalo-joalo.

Mehlala ea ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse kopaneng tsa likoloi ho literaka tse boima tsa Auman ETX

Litebello tsa kopo ea lisebelisoa tsa motsoako oa likoloi naheng ea heso

Lintlha tse lokollotsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa China oa Baetsi ba Likoloi li bonts'a hore ka Pherekhong 2024, tlhahiso le thekiso ea likoloi tsa China li fihlile ho limilione tse 2.41 le likoloi tse limilione tse 2.439 ka ho latellana, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 51.2% le 47,9% ka ho latellana. Lithekiso tsa lihlopha tse kholo tsa likoloi tsa Machaena tse kang FAW, Dongfeng, Changan, BYD le Geely li tsoela pele ho boloka sekhahla se phahameng sa kholo. Mmaraka oa likoloi o qalile hantle, 'me o entse qalo e ntle bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea likoloi selemo ho pota.

Mmaraka oa likoloi oa China o maemong a pele lefatšeng mabapi le tlhahiso le thekiso ka lilemo tse 15 tse latellanang. Tlhahiso le thekiso ea likoloi tse ncha tsa matla li bile maemong a pele lefatšeng ka lilemo tse robong tse latellanang. Thepa e rometsoeng ka ntle e fihlile holimo selemong se fetileng...

Likoloi tsa nako e tlang li ke ke tsa fapana hakaalo le tsa kajeno ka litsela tse ngata. Sechabeng sa kajeno, maikutlo a batho a fetohile butle-butle kamanong pakeng tsa motho le tlhaho. Litaba tsa tikoloho le matla li fetohile senotlolo sa ho phela le ho nts'etsapele naha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe lefatšeng. Ka ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea tlhokomeliso ea tikoloho ea batho le kenyelletso e latellanang ea melao ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho linaheng tse fapaneng, likoloi tse tala li fetohile mokhoa o ke keng oa qojoa ntlafatsong ea likoloi tse tlang. E le karolo e ka sehloohong ea nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tsa likoloi tsa nakong e tlang, lisebelisoa tse kopanetsoeng li tla phetha karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ho eona. Theha tsamaiso ea thepa e kopanyang lisebelisoa, ts'ebetso ea ho bopa, moralo le tlhahlobo ho theha selekane le tsamaiso ea sehlopha, e tla sebelisa lisebelisoa ka botlalo (lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji, lisebelisoa tsa thepa) likarolong tsohle, ho hokahanya melemo ea likarolo tsohle, le Ho khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea lisebelisoa tse kopaneng.

Indasteri ea likoloi e ntse e tsoela pele ka potlako, 'me lipatlisiso mabapi le lisebelisoa tse kopantsoeng le tsona li hatela pele ka potlako. Mefuta e fapaneng e mecha le lisebelisoa tse ncha li lula li hlaha. Ho ka boleloa esale pele hore nakong e tlang e haufi, lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso li tla sebelisoa haholo lefapheng la likoloi.

Taizhou Huacheng Mold Co., Ltd. e thehiloe ka 1994 mme e fumaneha Tiantai County Industrial Park, Taizhou City, Profinseng ea Zhejiang. E na le nalane ea ho etsa hlobo ea lilemo tse ka bang 30. Ke yuniti e hlomphuoang ea mopresidente ea Lekhotla la bo10 la Shanghai Mold Technology Association le karolo e laolang ea Mokhatlo oa China oa Composite Materials Industry Association. Khamphani e akaretsa sebaka se fetang lisekoere-mithara tse 20,000 'me e na le basebetsi ba fetang 70 ba litsebi le botekgeniki. Matsatsing a pele a ho thehoa ha eona, k'hamphani e ne e etsa haholo mefuta e fapaneng ea hlobo ea polasetiki. Ho tloha ka 2003, e fetohile mme e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho R&D le tlhahiso ea SMC, BMC, GMT, LFT-D, HP-RTM, PCM le liforomo tse ling tse kopaneng tsa thepa. Ke setsebi se fanang ka tharollo ea lintho tse entsoeng ka hlobo.

Mefuta ea thepa e entsoeng ea Huacheng Company e kenyelletsa sefofane, seporo se lebelo le ka tlas'a lefatše, koloi, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase, thepa ea kaho, thepa ea lipapali, kamore ea ho hlapela e kopaneng, letoto la kalafo ea metsi le likarolo tse ling. Re boetse re na le boiphihlelo bo ikhethang meahong e rarahaneng ea hlobo ea aerospace le meaho ea hlobo ea vacuum. Re ntlafalitse ka kopanelo le bareki ba Europe, 'me theknoloji ea rona ea hlobo e fihlile boemong ba machaba. Theha moetsi oa hlobo oa setsebi ka mefuta e mengata, boleng bo botle le ts'ebetso ea theko e phahameng. Hoo e ka bang 50% ea hlobo ea k'hamphani e romelloa linaheng tsa Europe, Amerika le Asia Boroa-bochabela le libaka. E filoe tlotla ea Khoebo ea Naha ea Theknoloji e Phahameng, Khoebo ea Boqapi ea Profinse ea Zhejiang, Khoebo ea Theknoloji e Phahameng ea Toropo ea Taizhou, le Khoebo ea Tiantai e Mashome a Mahlano e Ntlehali. Ke khoebo e etellang pele indastering ea hlobo ea tikoloho.

[Polelo]: Haeba karolo ea litaba tsa sengoloa sena e sa tsamaellane le polelo ea litokelo tsa mongoli oa mantlha kapa mongoli oa mantlha a hana ho hatisoa hape, ka kopo re letsetse: 18858635168